Non-pharmaceutical interventions refer to a broad range of strategies and measures aimed at preventing, controlling, and reducing the transmission of infectious diseases without the use of drugs or vaccines. This can include practices such as social distancing, wearing face masks, hand hygiene, quarantine, isolation, travel restrictions, and closure of public spaces. Non-pharmaceutical interventions are often used in combination with pharmaceutical interventions to effectively prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases. These interventions are particularly important during pandemics and outbreaks where vaccines or specific treatments may not be readily available.